Rose Essential Oil

Rosa damascena Mill. (Damask rose); also Rosa centifolia L.
Evidence Level
Limited
3 Clinical Trials
4 Documented Benefits
2/5 Evidence Score

Rose essential oil is a steam-distilled volatile oil from the petals of Rosa damascena, the Damask rose, and to a lesser extent Rosa centifolia, the cabbage rose. It is one of the most studied aromatherapy oils for relaxation, mood, and pain support, and its complex chemistry includes citronellol, geraniol, nerol, phenylethyl alcohol, and trace amounts of stearoptene constituents. Small randomized aromatherapy trials suggest that inhaled or topically applied Damask rose oil can help reduce state anxiety, perceived pain, and physiological arousal in settings such as labor, preoperative anxiety, and dysmenorrhea, while an evidence review found broadly favorable effects across multiple clinical trials. Effects are modest and short-term, the volume of high-quality research is still small, and rose essential oil is intended for external aromatherapy or carefully diluted topical use rather than oral consumption.

Studied Dose Aromatherapy: a few drops (~0.05-0.1 mL) Damask rose oil per session; topical: 1-5% dilution in carrier oil.
Active Compound Monoterpene alcohols citronellol, geraniol, nerol, and phenylethyl alcohol, plus stearoptene fractions and minor sesquiterpenes characteristic of Rosa damascena petal oil.

Benefits

Helps reduce feelings of anxiety

Inhalation aromatherapy with Damask rose essential oil has been studied in laboring women, preoperative patients, and other stressful settings and is associated with reductions in state anxiety scores versus placebo, supporting short-term use for everyday stress relief and relaxation.

Supports relaxation and calm mood

Small controlled studies of inhaled rose essential oil show reductions in physiological arousal measures such as breathing rate and systolic blood pressure, helping promote a felt sense of calm in adults exposed to acute stress, alongside subjective relaxation reports.

Helps ease perception of menstrual or labor pain

Aromatherapy with Damask rose oil has been evaluated as an adjunct for pain in dysmenorrhea, labor, and postoperative settings, with several trials reporting modest reductions in self-reported pain intensity when combined with standard care.

Supports a pleasant sensory experience for self-care

Rose essential oil provides a complex floral aroma traditionally associated with comfort and well-being, and is widely used in aromatherapy and personal care to enrich sensory routines such as bathing, massage, and bedtime wind-down practices.

Mechanism of action

1

Olfactory limbic-system modulation

Inhaled volatile constituents of Damask rose engage olfactory receptors that project to limbic structures including the amygdala and hippocampus, modulating autonomic and emotional responses associated with stress and anxiety in human studies.

2

Autonomic nervous system signaling

Controlled inhalation of rose essential oil has produced reductions in breathing rate, blood oxygen saturation, and systolic blood pressure consistent with parasympathetic shift and decreased sympathetic arousal in healthy adults.

3

Pain modulation through aroma and topical pathways

Volatile and topically applied rose oil constituents are hypothesized to modulate descending pain pathways and peripheral nociception via terpene interaction with TRP channels and limbic appraisal, providing a plausible basis for analgesic-like effects in aromatherapy trials.

Clinical trials

1
Rose oil aromatherapy in first stage of labor

Randomized clinical trial of Rosa damascena essence aromatherapy compared with saline placebo every 30 minutes during the first stage of labor (Hamdamian et al., Journal of Integrative Medicine).

110 nulliparous women in active labor.

Aromatherapy with Damask rose essential oil produced significantly lower pain and anxiety scores at successive time points during the first stage of labor compared with saline, supporting rose oil aromatherapy as a convenient adjunct for short-term labor anxiety and pain support.

2
Damask rose mood and stress meta-analysis

Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of Rosa damascena across anxiety, depression, and stress outcomes (Rasooli et al., Phytotherapy Research).

32 randomized controlled trials of Rosa damascena in adults.

Rosa damascena significantly reduced state anxiety and depression scores versus control across pooled trials, while effects on trait anxiety were not significant and dose-response patterns were modest. Supports a measurable but moderate effect of rose-based interventions on state anxiety and mood.

3
Therapeutic efficacy of rose oil review

Comprehensive review of 13 clinical trials of rose oil aromatherapy and topical use across pain, anxiety, depression, and labor settings (Mohebitabar et al., Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine).

772 participants across 13 clinical trials.

Review concluded rose oil produced physiological and psychological relaxation, analgesic effects, and anti-anxiety effects across inhalation and topical use, with no reported side effects in human studies. Calls for larger, better-designed trials to confirm efficacy and safety profiles.

Side effects and drug interactions

Common Potential side effects

Skin irritation or contact dermatitis can occur with undiluted topical use.
Rare allergic reactions to rose volatile compounds have been reported.
Strong scent may trigger headache or nausea in sensitive individuals.
Essential oil should not be ingested; safety data for oral use are limited.
Keep away from eyes, mucous membranes, and out of reach of children.

Important Drug interactions

No clinically significant systemic drug interactions are documented at typical aromatherapy doses.
Topical use with other strong essential oils may increase skin sensitivity.
Concurrent use with sedating medications may add to subjective relaxation effects.
Pregnancy: aromatherapy use should be supervised by a qualified practitioner.

Frequently asked questions about Rose Essential Oil

What is rose essential oil used for?

Rose essential oil is an aromatic oil used in aromatherapy for mood, relaxation, and stress relief, and topically (diluted) in skincare for its soothing and fragrant properties. It is one of the most prized and expensive essential oils.

What is rose oil good for?

In aromatherapy it is used to ease stress, anxiousness, and low mood and to promote calm; in skincare (diluted) it is used for hydration and a soothing effect on the skin. It is also valued simply for its luxurious fragrance.

How is rose essential oil used?

It is used in a diffuser for aromatherapy or diluted in a carrier oil for topical and skin use; follow product labeling. Like all essential oils, it must be diluted for skin and not swallowed.

Is rose essential oil safe?

Used in aromatherapy or diluted on skin, rose oil is generally well tolerated. It must be diluted before skin contact and never swallowed. Pregnant women should check before use, and keep essential oils away from pets and out of reach of children.

What is Rose Essential Oil?

Rose essential oil is a steam-distilled volatile oil from the petals of Rosa damascena, the Damask rose, and to a lesser extent Rosa centifolia, the cabbage rose.

What is the recommended dosage of Rose Essential Oil?

The clinically studied dose is Aromatherapy: a few drops (~0.05-0.1 mL) Damask rose oil per session; topical: 1-5% dilution in carrier oil. Always follow the product label and check with a healthcare provider for personal advice.

Is Rose Essential Oil safe, and does it have side effects?

For most healthy adults, Rose Essential Oil is well tolerated at studied doses. Reported effects can include: Skin irritation or contact dermatitis can occur with undiluted topical use. Rare allergic reactions to rose volatile compounds have been reported. It may also interact with some medications. Rose Essential Oil is not right for everyone, so check with a healthcare provider first if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, have a medical condition, or take prescription medication.

Does Rose Essential Oil interact with any medications?

Possible interactions include: No clinically significant systemic drug interactions are documented at typical aromatherapy doses. Topical use with other strong essential oils may increase skin sensitivity. If you take prescription medication, check with a pharmacist or doctor before using it.

How strong is the scientific evidence for Rose Essential Oil?

NutraSmarts rates the evidence for Rose Essential Oil as Limited (2 out of 5). It is backed by 3 clinical trials and 4 cited references summarized on this page. A higher rating reflects more, larger, and better-designed human studies.

References(4 citations)

Evidence ratings on NutraSmarts are based on the totality of human clinical research, with emphasis on randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews. The references below directly support claims made throughout this page.

  1. Mahboubi M. Rosa damascena as holy ancient herb with novel applications. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 2015;J Tradit Complement Med. 2015 Sep 25;6(1):10-16..PubMedUsed to support: Pharmacology and ethnopharmacology review of Rosa damascena documenting antianxiety, analgesic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects of the plant and its essential oil.
  2. Hamdamian S, Nazarpour S, Simbar M, Hajian S, Mojab F, Talebi A. Effects of aromatherapy with Rosa damascena on nulliparous women's pain and anxiety of labor during first stage of labor. Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2018;J Integr Med. 2018 Mar;16(2):120-125..PubMedUsed to support: RCT showing aromatherapy with Damask rose essential oil reduced pain and anxiety during the first stage of labor in nulliparous women versus placebo.
  3. Rasooli T, Nasiri M, Kargarzadeh Aliabadi Z, Rajabi MR, Nasiri M, Khatooni AR, Hosseini SHM, Foroughinia L, Esmaeili A, Atashi V. Rosa Damascena mill for treating adults' anxiety, depression, and stress: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytotherapy Research. 2021;Phytother Res. 2021 Dec;35(12):6585-6606..PubMedUsed to support: Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 32 RCTs supporting Rosa damascena's effects on state anxiety and depression in adults.
  4. Mohebitabar S, Shirazi M, Bioos S, Rahimi R, Malekshahi F, Nejatbakhsh F. Therapeutic efficacy of rose oil: A comprehensive review of clinical evidence. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine. 2017;Avicenna J Phytomed. 2017 May-Jun;7(3):206-213..PubMedUsed to support: Review of 13 clinical trials supporting rose oil's relaxation, analgesic, and anti-anxiety effects through inhalation and topical use.