Broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antiviral activity
Propolis flavonoids (particularly pinocembrin, galangin, and CAPE) demonstrate antimicrobial activity against a wide range of bacteria, fungi, and viruses in clinical and laboratory studies — including antibiotic-resistant strains. This makes propolis particularly relevant for upper respiratory infection prevention and oral health applications where broad-spectrum antimicrobial protection is valuable.
Immune system modulation and activation
PROMUNEL® modulates both innate and adaptive immunity — stimulating macrophage phagocytosis, NK cell activity, and T-cell proliferation while simultaneously exerting anti-inflammatory activity through NF-κB and COX-2 inhibition. This balanced immunomodulatory profile enhances protective immunity without the excessive inflammation that contributes to tissue damage.
Upper respiratory tract health
Clinical studies confirm propolis supplementation reduces the frequency and severity of upper respiratory tract infections, shortens illness duration, and reduces throat and mouth inflammation. These benefits reflect the combined antimicrobial, antiviral, and immune-modulating properties of propolis acting on the mucosal surfaces most vulnerable to respiratory pathogens.
Flavonoid NF-κB inhibition and CAPE antiviral activity
Propolis CAPE (caffeic acid phenethyl ester) inhibits NF-κB nuclear translocation — blocking transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines and simultaneously activating antiviral innate immune responses through IRF3 pathway stimulation. Pinocembrin and galangin directly inhibit microbial enzyme systems (bacterial topoisomerases, viral proteases), explaining broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. The synergistic combination of NF-κB modulation and direct antimicrobial activity distinguishes propolis from ingredients with only one mechanism of immune support.
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of propolis extract supplementation effects on upper respiratory infection incidence and severity.
Adults prone to respiratory infections. 3-month winter supplementation RCT.
Propolis supplementation significantly reduced upper respiratory infection frequency, shortened illness duration, and reduced symptom severity vs. placebo. NK cell and macrophage activity increased. Antimicrobial flavonoid levels achieved in plasma. Well-tolerated; rare allergy in bee product sensitive individuals.