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Chlorella

Chlorella vulgaris / Chlorella pyrenoidosa
Evidence Level
Limited
5 Clinical Trials
6 Documented Benefits
2/5 Evidence Score

Chlorella is a single-celled freshwater green alga sold as tablets and powder. Commercial products are roughly 59% protein by dry weight and contain folate, iron and vitamins D, K and B12, though some high-B12 products contain inactive B12-like compounds. Humans cannot digest the tough cellulose cell wall, so most supplements use mechanically broken cells. The most studied uses are liver enzymes and blood sugar in people with fatty liver: small trials, all from Iran, suggest modest changes, but a recent review rated the certainty very low. Pooled results for cholesterol are mixed, and small trials report changes in immune markers such as natural killer cell activity. The popular heavy metal detox claim rests mainly on mouse studies and one open-label human trial, all by authors from a chlorella maker, so it is not established.

Studied Dose Trials used 1.2 to 1.5 g a day (fatty liver and diabetes), 5 g a day (immune markers) and 9 g a day (mercury and vitamin B12). Pooled analyses disagree on dose for cholesterol: one tied effects to more than 4 g a day, another to 1.5 g a day or less.
Active Compound Chlorella vulgaris or Chlorella pyrenoidosa cells, usually with the cell wall mechanically broken: protein, fiber, chlorophyll, carotenoids, folate, iron and vitamins D, K and B12.

Benefits

Liver enzyme levels

In a pooled analysis of 7 small trials (mostly in Iran; fatty liver and other groups), chlorella lowered AST by about 9 U/L (16 U/L in fatty liver) but not ALT or ALP overall. In one open-label fatty liver trial, ALT, AST, triglycerides, HbA1c and insulin resistance fell only in the arm adding 1,200 mg a day to metformin plus vitamin E. A later review rated certainty very low.

Supported by Trial 1, Trial 2

Mercury excretion

Human evidence is weak. In mouse studies by authors from a chlorella maker, chlorella raised mercury excretion about 1.9 to 2.2-fold. In one open-label, non-randomized human trial by the same company (58 healthy adults, 9 g a day for 3 months), hair mercury fell in the chlorella group but not in untreated controls, and blood mercury fell more than in controls. No placebo-controlled trial was found.

Supported by Trial 4, Trial 3

Cholesterol and glucose markers

A pooled analysis of 19 trials (797 people) found chlorella lowered total cholesterol (about 9 mg/dL), LDL cholesterol (about 8 mg/dL) and fasting glucose (about 4 mg/dL), with no change in triglycerides, HDL or BMI. A later pooled analysis of 12 chlorella trials found no clear effect on blood lipids, and an 8-week trial in type 2 diabetes (1,500 mg a day) changed none of the measures.

Supported by Trial 1, Trial 2

Immune function

In an 8-week placebo-controlled trial in 51 healthy volunteers, 5 g a day of chlorella raised natural killer cell activity and some immune messengers more than placebo, and a 15-man crossover study found higher salivary IgA after 4 weeks. A placebo-controlled flu vaccine trial saw no overall antibody boost, only higher levels in people 55 or younger on the higher dose. These are small studies with mixed results.

Supported by Trial 5, Trial 1

Protein, vitamins and minerals

Commercial chlorella products are about 59% protein by dry weight and contain folate, iron and vitamins D, K and B12, some of which are scarce in plant foods. Because humans cannot digest the cellulose cell wall, most supplements use mechanically broken cells; an animal study found more than 80% of chlorella protein digestible.

Supported by Trial 3, Trial 5

Vitamin B12 for vegans and vegetarians

Some high-B12 chlorella products contain inactive B12-like compounds, so content varies by product. In a small open-label study, 17 vegans and vegetarians with signs of low B12 who added 9 g of chlorella a day for about 60 days saw methylmalonic acid, a marker of B12 shortage, fall by about 34%, while blood B12 trended up. Ask a doctor about B12 testing if you eat a vegan diet.

Supported by Trial 3, Trial 2

Mechanism of action

1

Mercury excretion in animal studies

In mice given methylmercury, chlorella raised mercury in feces and urine, and long-term feeding lowered blood, kidney and brain mercury without changing glutathione. How this works, and whether it happens in people, has not been shown in a placebo-controlled trial.

2

Immune signaling

In a placebo-controlled trial, chlorella raised natural killer cell activity along with interferon-gamma and interleukin-1 beta. Polysaccharides extracted from chlorella have shown immune activity in laboratory work.

3

Antioxidant nutrients and inflammation markers

Chlorella contains carotenoids, vitamin E and other antioxidant compounds. In a placebo-controlled trial in people with fatty liver, TNF-alpha changed more with chlorella than with placebo, and hs-CRP fell within the chlorella group.

4

Fiber-mediated lipid effects

Chlorella's indigestible fraction binds bile acids in vitro and, in cholesterol-fed rats, lowered serum cholesterol and increased fecal neutral steroid excretion. This may help explain the small total and LDL cholesterol drops seen in some pooled human trials; it is not a replacement for lipid-lowering medication.

5

Whole-food micronutrient delivery

Chlorella supplies protein, folate, iron and vitamins D, K and B12 in a whole-food form.

Clinical trials

1
Chlorella and Liver Enzymes (Pooled Analysis of 7 Trials)
PubMed

Systematic review and pooled analysis of 7 randomized trials (8 treatment arms) of Chlorella vulgaris on liver enzymes in people with fatty liver and other groups (metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, healthy adults) (Yarmohammadi et al. 2021, Clinical Nutrition Research)

7 small clinical trials, mostly in Iran.

Evidence review and pooled analysis of 7 randomized trials (8 treatment arms) in NAFLD patients and other groups. AST fell: WMD -9.15 U/L (95% CI -16.09 to -2.21), more in NAFLD (-16.42 U/L, CI -29.75 to -3.09), with high heterogeneity. ALT and ALP did not change overall; ALT fell only in the placebo-controlled subgroup (-4.65 U/L). Lipids were not pooled. Trials were small and mostly in Iran; the authors call for larger studies.

2
Panahi NAFLD Clinical Trial: Chlorella + Metformin Adjunct
PubMed

Randomized open-label trial without placebo: Chlorella vulgaris extract 1,200 mg a day plus metformin 750 mg a day and vitamin E 200 mg a day for 3 months, versus metformin 1,250 mg a day plus vitamin E (Panahi et al. 2012, Hepato-Gastroenterology)

76 adults with NAFLD (33 chlorella, 43 comparison).

Randomized open-label trial in 76 adults with NAFLD. Chlorella vulgaris extract 1,200 mg/day plus metformin 750 mg/day and vitamin E for 3 months, versus metformin 1,250 mg/day plus vitamin E. ALT, AST, triglycerides, uric acid, HbA1c and HOMA-IR fell only in the chlorella arm; total and LDL cholesterol, HDL and fasting glucose changed only in the metformin arm. No placebo and unequal metformin doses, so chlorella's own effect is uncertain.

3
Chlorella and Mercury Excretion in Mice
PubMed

Mouse study: a single 100 mg dose of Parachlorella beyerinckii CK-5 powder given with oral methylmercury; 5 of 6 authors worked at Chlorella Industry Co. Ltd (Uchikawa et al. 2010, The Journal of Toxicological Sciences)

Female C57BL/6N mice, five per group (not humans).

Mercury in feces and urine over 24 hours was about 1.9 and 2.2 times higher with chlorella, while blood and organ mercury did not differ. A follow-up mouse study by the same group found longer feeding lowered blood, kidney and brain mercury. Animal evidence only.

4
Chlorella and Mercury in Healthy Volunteers (Open-Label Trial)
PubMed

Open-label, non-randomized trial without placebo: 9 g a day of chlorella tablets for 3 months versus no supplement; 4 of 6 authors worked at Chlorella Industry Co. Ltd (Maruyama et al. 2018, Fundamental Toxicological Sciences)

58 healthy volunteers (36 men, 22 women): 35 chlorella, 23 untreated controls.

Hair mercury fell in the chlorella group (p = 0.041) but not in controls (p = 0.362). Blood mercury fell more than in controls (p = 0.038), though the within-group drop was not significant (p = 0.084). Not confirmed in a placebo-controlled trial.

5
Chlorella Tablets and NK Cell Activity (Placebo-Controlled RCT)
PubMed

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial: 5 g a day of chlorella tablets or placebo for 8 weeks (Kwak et al. 2012, Nutrition Journal)

51 healthy volunteers (23 chlorella, 28 placebo).

NK cell activity, interferon-gamma and interleukin-1 beta rose with chlorella, and interleukin-12 tended to rise; the increases in these cytokines and in NK cell activity were significantly larger than with placebo. The study was small and short.

Side effects and drug interactions

Common Potential side effects

In a placebo-controlled trial of a chlorella-derived supplement, side effects were similar to placebo except that fatigue was reported more often at 200 mg a day.
A one-year or longer safety record is not available from the trials cited here; most lasted 8 to 12 weeks.
Chlorella contains vitamin K, which matters if you take warfarin (see interactions).
Choose products with third-party testing for contaminants such as heavy metals.
Pregnancy and breastfeeding: specific safety data are lacking; consult your doctor.

Important Drug interactions

Warfarin: chlorella contains vitamin K. Keep intake consistent and tell your doctor, since starting or stopping it may change your INR.
Immunosuppressants: chlorella changed immune markers in small trials; talk to your doctor before combining them.
Prescribed chelation therapy for metal poisoning: chlorella is not a substitute; ask your doctor about timing.
Metformin: used together with chlorella in one small open-label fatty liver trial; interaction data are otherwise limited.

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Frequently asked questions about Chlorella

How much chlorella should I take?

Studies have used from about 1.2 g to 9 g a day, depending on the goal. It comes as tablets or powder. Look for products with mechanically broken cell walls, since humans cannot digest whole chlorella cells.

What is chlorella used for?

Chlorella is a green freshwater alga used as a source of protein, folate, iron and vitamins, and studied for liver enzymes, cholesterol, blood sugar and immune markers. Evidence for heavy metal detox in people is weak.

What is the difference between chlorella and spirulina?

Both are nutrient-dense microalgae sold as supplements. Chlorella has a tough cellulose cell wall, so choose broken-cell products. A pooled analysis that looked at both found no clear effect of chlorella on blood pressure or blood lipids and a small blood pressure drop with spirulina.

Is chlorella safe?

In the trials cited here, mostly 8 to 12 weeks long, chlorella was generally well tolerated. Quality matters, so choose third-party tested brands. Chlorella contains vitamin K, so talk to your doctor if you take warfarin, and check with a doctor if you have an autoimmune condition.

What is Chlorella?

Chlorella is a single-celled freshwater green alga sold as tablets and powder. Commercial products are roughly 59% protein by dry weight and contain folate, iron and vitamins D, K and B12, though some high-B12 products contain inactive B12-like compounds.

Does Chlorella interact with any medications?

Possible interactions include: Warfarin: chlorella contains vitamin K. Keep intake consistent and tell your doctor, since starting or stopping it may change your INR. Immunosuppressants: chlorella changed immune markers in small trials; talk to your doctor before combining them. If you take prescription medication, check with a pharmacist or doctor before using it.

How strong is the scientific evidence for Chlorella?

NutraSmarts rates the evidence for Chlorella as Limited (2 out of 5). It is backed by 5 study summaries and 17 cited references summarized on this page. A higher rating reflects more, larger, and better-designed human studies.

References(17 citations)

Evidence ratings on NutraSmarts are based on the totality of human clinical research, with emphasis on randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews. The references below directly support claims made throughout this page.

  1. Panahi Y, Ghamarchehreh ME, Beiraghdar F, Zare R, Jalalian HR, Sahebkar A. Investigation of the effects of Chlorella vulgaris supplementation in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized clinical trial. Hepatogastroenterology. 2012;59(119):2099-2103. doi: 10.5754/hge10860.PubMedUsed to support: Randomized open-label trial in 76 adults with NAFLD. Adding Chlorella vulgaris extract (1,200 mg/day) to metformin (750 mg/day) plus vitamin E for 3 months was followed by reductions in ALT, AST, triglycerides, HbA1c and HOMA-IR that were not seen in the comparison arm, which took more metformin (1,250 mg/day) plus vitamin E. There was no placebo group and the metformin doses differed, so chlorella's own effect cannot be separated.
  2. Ebrahimi-Mameghani M, Sadeghi Z, Abbasalizad Farhangi M, Vaghef-Mehrabany E, Aliashrafi S. Glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Beneficial effects of supplementation with microalgae Chlorella vulgaris: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(4):1001-1006. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.07.004.PubMedUsed to support: Double-blind placebo-controlled trial in 70 patients with fatty liver (Chlorella vulgaris 1,200 mg a day, 8 weeks). Versus placebo, weight loss was greater and changes in fasting glucose and TNF-alpha differed significantly. Liver enzymes and hs-CRP fell within the chlorella group, but serum insulin and HOMA score rose there, and other between-group differences were not significant.
  3. Kwak JH, Baek SH, Woo Y, Han JK, Kim BG, Kim OY, Lee JH. Beneficial immunostimulatory effect of short-term Chlorella supplementation: enhancement of natural killer cell activity and early inflammatory response (randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial). Nutr J. 2012;11:53. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-11-53.PubMedUsed to support: Double-blind placebo-controlled trial in 51 healthy volunteers (5 g a day chlorella tablets, 8 weeks). NK cell activity, interferon-gamma and interleukin-1 beta rose with chlorella, and these increases were significantly larger than with placebo; interleukin-12 tended to rise.
  4. Yarmohammadi S, Hosseini-Ghatar R, Foshati S, Moradi M, Hemati N, Moradi S, Kermani MAH, Farzaei MH, Khan H. Effect of Chlorella vulgaris on Liver Function Biomarkers: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Nutr Res. 2021;10(1):83-94. doi: 10.7762/cnr.2021.10.1.83.PubMedUsed to support: Systematic review and meta-analysis of 7 randomized trials of Chlorella vulgaris and liver-function biomarkers. Pooled analysis found a significant reduction in AST (weighted mean difference -9.15 U/L, 95% CI -16.09 to -2.21; -16.42 U/L in the NAFLD subgroup), but no significant change in ALT or ALP overall (ALT fell only in the placebo-controlled subgroup, WMD -4.65 U/L). Trials covered NAFLD, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and healthy adults, and were small and mostly conducted in Iran.
  5. Jafari A, Mardani H, Nezhad BP, Hekmatdoost A. The beneficial effects of Chlorella vulgaris supplementation on health-related indices in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2026;26(1):221. doi: 10.1186/s12872-025-05433-w.PubMedUsed to support: GRADE-assessed review and pooled analysis of 7 NAFLD trials (375 participants, all in Iran, 8 to 12 weeks). Chlorella vulgaris was linked to lower weight, fasting glucose, hs-CRP, LDL-C, total cholesterol, ALP and AST (WMD -4.99 U/L), but the authors rated the certainty of evidence very low because of risk of bias.
  6. Fallah AA, Sarmast E, Habibian Dehkordi S, Engardeh J, Mahmoodnia L, Khaledifar A, Jafari T. Effect of Chlorella supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr. 2018;37(6 Pt A):1892-1901. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.09.019.PubMedUsed to support: Meta-analysis of 19 RCTs (797 subjects): chlorella lowered total cholesterol (-9.09 mg/dL), LDL-C (-8.32 mg/dL), systolic (-4.51 mmHg) and diastolic (-1.64 mmHg) blood pressure and fasting glucose (-4.23 mg/dL), while triglycerides, HDL-C and BMI did not change significantly.
  7. Pinto-Leite M, Martins D, Ferreira AC, Silva C, Trindade F, Saraiva F, Vitorino R, Barros R, Lima PA, Leite-Moreira A, Ferreira JP, S Barros A, Miranda IM. The Role of Chlorella and Spirulina as Adjuvants of Cardiovascular Risk Factor Control: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Nutrients. 2025;17(6):943. doi: 10.3390/nu17060943.PubMedUsed to support: Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs on chlorella and spirulina; pooling 12 chlorella studies (168 to 279 participants per outcome) found a neutral effect of chlorella on blood pressure and blood lipids, while spirulina lowered diastolic blood pressure.
  8. Hosseini AM, Keshavarz SA, Nasli-Esfahani E, Amiri F, Janani L. The effects of Chlorella supplementation on glycemic control, lipid profile and anthropometric measures on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Nutr. 2021;60(6):3131-3141. doi: 10.1007/s00394-021-02492-5.PubMedUsed to support: Double-blind RCT in 84 patients with type 2 diabetes given Chlorella vulgaris 1,500 mg/day or placebo for 8 weeks; none of the measured variables (fasting glucose, HbA1c, insulin, insulin resistance, lipid profile, anthropometrics) changed significantly.
  9. Shibata S, Oda K, Onodera-Masuoka N, Matsubara S, Kikuchi-Hayakawa H, Ishikawa F, Iwabuchi A, Sansawa H. Hypocholesterolemic effect of indigestible fraction of Chlorella regularis in cholesterol-fed rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2001;47(6):373-7. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.47.373.PubMedUsed to support: Rat study: chlorella powder and its indigestible fraction lowered serum and liver cholesterol in cholesterol-fed rats, increased fecal neutral steroid excretion (total bile acid excretion unchanged) and showed high bile acid binding capacity in vitro. Animal data only.
  10. Sherafati N, Bideshki MV, Behzadi M, Mobarak S, Asadi M, Sadeghi O. Effect of supplementation with Chlorella vulgaris on lipid profile in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complement Ther Med. 2022;66:102822. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2022.102822.PubMedUsed to support: Meta-analysis of 10 RCTs (539 adults): Chlorella vulgaris lowered total cholesterol (-7.47 mg/dL) and LDL-C (-7.71 mg/dL) but not triglycerides or HDL-C; in dose-response analysis the LDL-C reduction was seen at 0 to 1,500 mg/day and was not significant at higher doses.
  11. Otsuki T, Shimizu K, Iemitsu M, Kono I. Salivary secretory immunoglobulin A secretion increases after 4-weeks ingestion of chlorella-derived multicomponent supplement in humans: a randomized cross over study. Nutr J. 2011;10:91. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-91.PubMedUsed to support: Blind randomized crossover study in 15 men (chlorella or placebo tablets for 4 weeks each): salivary SIgA concentration and secretion rate rose after chlorella but not after placebo. Small study.
  12. Halperin SA, Smith B, Nolan C, Shay J, Kralovec J. Safety and immunoenhancing effect of a Chlorella-derived dietary supplement in healthy adults undergoing influenza vaccination: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. CMAJ. 2003;169(2):111-7..PubMedUsed to support: Double-blind placebo-controlled RCT in 124 healthy adults aged 50+ (200 or 400 mg/day of a Chlorella-derived supplement for 28 days, influenza vaccine on day 21): no overall increase in antibody response versus placebo; higher titres only in 400 mg recipients aged 55 or younger. Fatigue was reported more often with 200 mg a day (44%) than with 400 mg (20%) or placebo (19%).
  13. Uchikawa T, Yasutake A, Kumamoto Y, Maruyama I, Kumamoto S, Ando Y. The influence of Parachlorella beyerinckii CK-5 on the absorption and excretion of methylmercury (MeHg) in mice. J Toxicol Sci. 2010;35(1):101-5. doi: 10.2131/jts.35.101.PubMedUsed to support: Mouse study (5 mice per group; 5 of 6 authors at Chlorella Industry Co.): a single 100 mg dose of Parachlorella beyerinckii CK-5 powder (formerly identified as Chlorella vulgaris) given with oral methylmercury raised fecal and urinary mercury excretion about 1.9- and 2.2-fold over 24 hours, without changing blood or organ mercury. Animal data only.
  14. Uchikawa T, Kumamoto Y, Maruyama I, Kumamoto S, Ando Y, Yasutake A. Enhanced elimination of tissue methylmercury in Parachlorella beijerinckii-fed mice. J Toxicol Sci. 2011;36(1):121-6. doi: 10.2131/jts.36.121.PubMedUsed to support: Mouse study (5 of 6 authors at Chlorella Industry Co. Ltd): after an oral methylmercury dose, diets with 5% or 10% Parachlorella beijerinckii powder for 3 weeks increased cumulative mercury excretion and lowered blood, kidney and brain mercury (liver not significant), with no change in glutathione. Animal data only.
  15. Maruyama I, Uchikawa T, Kanno T, Ando Y, Kitsuki H, Yasutake A. Chlorella supplementation decreases methylmercury concentrations of hair and blood in healthy volunteers Fundamental Toxicological Sciences. 2018;5(3):117-122. doi: 10.2131/fts.5.117.SourceUsed to support: Not PubMed-indexed (J-STAGE journal). Open-label, non-randomized trial in 58 healthy volunteers: 35 took 9 g a day of chlorella tablets for 3 months and 23 took nothing. Hair mercury fell in the chlorella group (p = 0.041) but not in controls; blood mercury fell more than in controls (p = 0.038) though the within-group drop was not significant (p = 0.084). Four of six authors worked at Chlorella Industry Co. Ltd.
  16. Bito T, Okumura E, Fujishima M, Watanabe F. Potential of Chlorella as a Dietary Supplement to Promote Human Health. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2524. doi: 10.3390/nu12092524.PubMedUsed to support: Review of chlorella composition and effects. Commercial products are about 59% protein by dry weight; humans cannot digest whole cells because the walls are cellulose, so walls are mechanically broken in most supplements; an animal study found more than 80% of the protein digestible. Products contain folate, iron, vitamins D, K and B12, carotenoids and vitamin E, but some high-B12 products contain inactive B12-like corrinoids.
  17. Merchant RE, Phillips TW, Udani J. Nutritional Supplementation with Chlorella pyrenoidosa Lowers Serum Methylmalonic Acid in Vegans and Vegetarians with a Suspected Vitamin B₁₂ Deficiency. J Med Food. 2015;18(12):1357-62. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2015.0056.PubMedUsed to support: Exploratory open-label study in 17 vegans and vegetarians with raised methylmalonic acid (a sign of low B12) who added 9 g of Chlorella pyrenoidosa a day for about 60 days. Methylmalonic acid fell by about 34% on average, homocysteine trended down and serum B12 trended up. No placebo group.